In email builder, I created a section and assigned a blank image element with zero padding. Since both the content and padding are set to zero, the section becomes invisible in both the editor and the preview.

When I test the template, it appears fine on desktop, but on mobile, the broken image element is visible.

I believe this is a known issue from before—if you save a blank image and exit the editor, then re-enter it, the image element doesn't display. However, if it had padding, you could still interact with it by clicking the padded area.

Right Now, I recreated all templates that has this issue and its now clean even in mobile view.